How can I shift to a plant-based diet as easily as possible?

Answer:  Read these articles for clues on what to eat:

10 Secret-Weapon Foods for Going Vegan

A 10-hour video program that explains the latest on healthy eating

Professor Jennie Brand-Miller presents a one-hour talk on how important it is to follow a low GI diet:

Professor Robert Lustig presents Sugar: The Bitter Trutha one-and-a-half-hour lecture on why high fructose consumption may be highly toxic for us:

Read a follow-up article in Nature by  Robert H. Lustig, Laura A. Schmidt and Claire D. Brindis:

The toxic truth about sugar

How can I eat less chocolate?

Answer: Try going for a brisk walk or some other exercise.

Appetite. 2011 Nov 10;58(1):387-392.

Brisk walking reduces ad libitum snacking in regular chocolate eaters during a workplace simulation.

Oh H, Taylor AH.

Abstract

Workplace snacking can contribute to obesity. Exercise reduces chocolate cravings but effects on chocolate consumption are unknown.

This study investigated the effect of brief exercise on ad libitum consumption during breaks in a computerised task. Seventy-eight regular chocolate eaters, age: 24.90±8.15years, BMI: 23.56±3.78kg/m(2) abstained for 2days. They were randomly assigned to one of four conditions, in a 2×2 factorial design, involving either a 15min brisk walk or quiet rest, and then computerised Stroop tasks with low or high demanding conditions, in three 180s blocks with a 90s interval. Throughout, a pre-weighed bowl of chocolates was available for ad libitum eating.

A two-way ANOVA revealed no interaction effect of exercise and stress on total chocolate consumption, or main effect of stress, but a main effect of exercise [F(1, 74)=7.12, p<.01]. Mean (SD) chocolate consumption was less (t(73.5)=2.69, 95% CI for difference 3.4-22.9, ES=0.61) for the exercise (15.6g) than control (28.8g) group. Exercise also increased affective activation, but there was no mediating effect of change in affect on chocolate consumption.

A brief walk may help to reduce ad libitum snacking in regular chocolate eaters.

Here’s a related study:

Appetite. 2009 Feb;52(1):155-60. Epub 2008 Sep 13.

Acute effects of brisk walking on urges to eat chocolate, affect, and responses to a stressor and chocolate cue. An experimental study.

Taylor AH, Oliver AJ.

Abstract

The study aimed to investigate the effects of an acute exercise bout on urges to eat chocolate, affect, and psychological and physiological responses to stress and a chocolate cue.

Following 3 days of chocolate abstinence, 25 regular chocolate eaters, took part, on separate days, in two randomly ordered conditions, in a within-subject design: a 15-min brisk semi-self-paced brisk walk or a passive control. Following each, participants completed two tasks: the Stroop colour-word interference task, and unwrapping and handling a chocolate bar.

Chocolate urges [State Food Cravings Questionnaire (FCQ-S); Rodríguez, S., Fernández, M. C., Cepeda-Benito, A., & Vila, J. (2005). Subjective and physiological reactivity to chocolate images in high and low chocolate cravers. Biological Psychology, 70, 9-18], affective activation [Felt Arousal Scale; Svebak, S., & Murgatroyd, S. (1985). Metamotivational dominance: a multimethod validation of reversal theory constructs. Journal of Perception and Social Psychology, 48, 107-116], affective pleasure/valence [Feelings Scale; Hardy, C. J., & Rejeski, W. J. (1989). Not what, but how one feels: the measurement of affect during exercise. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 11, 304-317], and systolic/diastolic blood pressure (SBP/DBP) were assessed throughout.

Exercise reduced chocolate urges and there was a trend towards attenuated urges in response to the chocolate cue. Exercise also attenuated SBP/DBP increases in response to the stressor and chocolate cue. The effects on urges varied across the dimensions of the FCQ-S.

How can I lose weight?

Answer: Stage a campaign. Collect lots of practical tips that appeal to you personally and do them all at once! Here are some nifty strategies for you to consider when putting together your weight-loss campaign:

I’ve written them as though you’ve written  them to make them sound more exciting!

1.       If I want to lose 5 kg, start by losing one kg! The first kilo is really easy to lose – it’s often mostly water.

2.       The first week is the hardest! After the first unpleasant week of food restrictions, I’ll quickly adjust to eating less and cutting out certain foods.

3.       Don’t drink calories – drink water instead! Save my calorie opportunities for real food.

4.       Eat a carrot! Whenever I’m tempted to eat when I don’t need to, I should eat a carrot. If I then still want to eat, I can. Carrots are delicious, especially those not bought from a supermarket. They are also nutritious and contain hardly any calories. Hopefully, by the time I’ve finished the carrot, the urge to eat has passed.

5.       Nominate five favourite evil foods I promise to cut out completely until I achieve my target  weight. Evil foods are  foods that do more harm than good. They contain almost no nutritional value and instead contain lots of sugar, white flour, bad fat and salt. Examples are French fries, potato crisps, lollies, donuts, frozen dessert cakes, chocolate biscuits, white bread, and milk chocolate. It’s easier for me to totally ban a favourite evil food than for me to eat the food just occasionally.

6.       Clean my teeth after eating dinner. This is a clever way to tell myself to stop eating for the day.

7.       Ban evil foods from the house. Get the rest of my family to support me here. Get  everyone to agree to go on the evil food elimination diet too or they have to keep the evil food hidden from me or kept at their work. It’s not fair that I have to watch them eating evil food in front of me or for me to have to look at it whenever I open the pantry or fridge!

8.       Switch from high GI foods to low GI foods. Low GI foods will keep me feeling full for longer. Examples of low GI foods are:

  • natural muesli,
  • raw rolled oats,
  • soy and linseed, heavy mixed grain, sourdough, rye, and whole wheat bread,
  • most  veges  but not corn, beetroot, pumpkin and potatoes
  • nuts
  • brown rice
  • most beans and peas  but not canned kidney beans and baked beans
  • dairy foods

Definitely avoid these  high GI foods:

  • icecream
  • dates
  • watermelon
  • baked beans
  • glutinous/short grain white /instant white rice
  • mashed or fried potatoes
  • most  breakfast cereal that comes in a box
  • white bread
  • bagels
  • pumpkin

9.       Always eat breakfast. Choose a breakfast  made up of low GI foods. For example, a good breakfast for me might be a bowl of  raw rolled oats (GI=51)+ yoghurt (GI=33)+ frozen cherries (GI=22) + psyllium (GI=0)+ cinnamon (GI=0).

10.   Eat small portions often. Every time I eat something, my body cranks up its metabolic rate. My body doesn’t know I’m just going to have a snack! Energy-wise, it is most inefficient to eat frequent small meals–that’s why it’s so to do so!

11.   Weigh myself every day. Daily weigh-ins will keep me on track.  I am less likely to pig out during the day if I know I have to weigh in the next morning and face the consequences. And if the scales confirm that I have been over-indulging, then I’m more motivated to rein in my eating over the  next few days.

12.   Avoid   foods containing artificial sweeteners. Even though artificial sweeteners contain no calories, some research suggests they stimulate hunger and wreak havoc with my body’s natural calorie-counting calibration mechanism.

13.    Cook myself the magical one-egg omelette stuffed with  veges. This is an excellent weight-losing meal. It is delicious, nutritious, simple and quick to make – and best of all it is very  filling for hardly any calories!

14.   Learn to love vegetables and learn to prepare them in delicious ways. Vegetables are perfect for losing weight – they are filling and highly nutritious but hardly have any calories.

15.   When preparing meals, overload the veges! Add twice as many veges to stir-fries, casseroles and curries as I would do normally; serve extra-large portions of veges and salads and smaller serves of meat.

16.   Don’t leave the table feeling full! Aim to leave feeling satiated, not full. I need to eat just enough and then stop!  I can put aside leftovers for next day’s lunch. Or if I  feel hungry later,  I can always eat it then.

17.   Don’t eat dessert. Dessert is an old-fashioned custom – I don’t need dessert.  If I’m served up dessert as a visitor, I should eat it –  but I definitely shouldn’t ask for seconds!

18.   If my birthday or Mother’s day or other gift-receiving occasion is coming up, ask others NOT to give me evil foods as presents. If I do receive such a gift, I should get it out of the house and into someone else’s clutches as soon as possible. If I keep it in the house, I’ll eat it for sure.

19.   Don’t let myself get too hungry. If I get too hungry, I’ll go crazy for food and start eating and won’t stop!

20.   Have a friendly competition with someone to see who can lose 5 kg  first.  The idea isn’t to win the bet– just to lose the weight in a fun way.

21.   Every day and then, review this list and select some new ideas to try.

22.   If I haven’t lost half a kilo in a week, I’ve stalled. I need to try some new strategies. I need to review what I’ve been eating and eliminate some things. Or increase my exercise. And I need to review this list of 50 tips for some new ideas to try.

23.   If I catch myself eating “forbidden” food, I will stop and throw the remaining food away! I’ll throw into the bin  the half-eaten chocolate bar – or  the  rest of the chocolate cake  or tub of icecream or the box  of Lindt balls! Throwing food away like this may feel like sacrilege, but it’s highly effective. It sends a strong message to my brain not to eat this food again!  And, besides, the food is far better in the bin than in my stomach!

24.   Keep it simple: eat the same healthy, weight-losing foods every day – especially for breakfast and lunch and snacks.  By simplifying my eating choices, I gain better control over what I eat and I’m more likely to avoid making irresponsible, on-the-spot choices. Eating the same healthy breakfast every day is definitely no hardship. Just choosing from a few options for snacks and lunch is no real hardship either.

25.   Write down what I eat as I eat it. I don’t need to make a big deal of it–just jot down a word or two. Writing down what I eat is a natural censoring device. It’s not fun having to write down that I’ve eaten bad food or too much food so I will therefore avoid eating that way. It is however fun writing down how good I’ve been.

How can I get my exercise and weight-loss program to work for me?

Answer:  Be happy.

Being happy while eating healthily and exercising has lots of advantages. Watch this 2-minute video to find out how:

Intro from the video:

We all know that weight loss is not only a physical journey, but a psychological one as well. A positive attitude can do wonders for your mind and your body as you work to shed pounds and get fit. Learn how happiness can help with weight loss and lead you toward more mindful living.

How can I get myself to eat more spices?

Answer: Add a generous sprinkling of mixed spice to your yogurt.

Mixed spice commonly contains cinnamon (or cassia), ginger, nutmeg, coriander, cloves and allspice.

All these spices are good for us–especially cinnamon–so finding an easy, palatable way to eat them is a good idea. Yogurt is good for us too. So why not combine them? Yogurt has such a strong flavor it can absorb just any other flavor with the eater barely noticing!

A generous sprinkling of  mixed spice to yogurt is actually flavor-enhancing if you ask me! That was a nice surprise. Try it yourself. You’ll need to experiment with how much spice to use before it overwhelms the yogurt. I was surprised how much I could add.

How can I increase my selenium levels?

Answer: Eat a couple of Brazil nuts each day.

Am J Clin Nutr. 2008 Feb;87(2):379-84.

Brazil nuts: an effective way to improve selenium status.

Source

Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand. christine.thomson@otago.ac.nz

Abstract

BACKGROUND:

Brazil nuts provide a rich natural source of selenium, yet no studies have investigated the bioavailability of selenium in humans.

OBJECTIVE:

We investigated the efficacy of Brazil nuts in increasing selenium status in comparison with selenomethionine.

DESIGN:

A randomized controlled trial was conducted with 59 New Zealand adults. Participants consumed 2 Brazil nuts thought to provide approximately 100 mug Se, 100 mug Se as selenomethionine, or placebo daily for 12 wk. Actual intake from nuts averaged 53 mug Se/d (possible range: 20-84 mug Se). Plasma selenium and plasma and whole blood glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities were measured at baseline and at 2, 4, 8, and 12 wk, and effects of treatments were compared.

RESULTS:

Plasma selenium increased by 64.2%, 61.0%, and 7.6%; plasma GPx by 8.3%, 3.4%, and -1.2%; and whole blood GPx by 13.2%, 5.3%, and 1.9% in the Brazil nut, selenomethionine, and placebo groups, respectively. Change over time at 12 wk in plasma selenium (P < 0.0001 for both groups) and plasma GPx activity in the Brazil nut (P < 0.001) and selenomethionine (P = 0.014) groups differed significantly from the placebo group but not from each other. The change in whole blood GPx activity was greater in the Brazil nut group than in the placebo (P = 0.002) and selenomethionine (P = 0.032) groups.

CONCLUSION:

Consumption of 2 Brazil nuts daily is as effective for increasing selenium status and enhancing GPx activity as 100 mug Se as selenomethionine. Inclusion of this high-selenium food in the diet could avoid the need for fortification or supplements to improve the selenium status of New Zealanders.

Click here to read the full scientific paper.

What’s so good about Selenium?

From the paper:

Marginal selenium status. . .may be associated with increased risk from a number of conditions, including:

  • cancer
  • cardiovascular disease
  • altered immune function
  • male infertility
  • inflammatory disorders
  • autoimmune thyroid disease
  • viral infection (2).

What 7 foods are most strongly linked to weight gain?

Answer:

  1. Potato chips

  2. Potatoes, especially French fries

  3. Sugar-sweetened beverages (soda and fruit juices)

  4. Unprocessed red meats

  5. Processed meats

  6. Sweets and desserts

  7. Refined grains

Here’s a provocative question:

“If we all decided to eliminate the “evil seven” from our diets forever more, how disadvantaged, nutritionally, would we be? In other words, if we never ate fried potatoes or chocolate cake or T-bone steak or salami or fizzy drinks or white bread, etc. ever again, what would be the downside, apart from a momentary good time?”

One favorite game I like to torment myself with is to imagine what things our present generation are doing socially that future generations will look back upon in amazement and disgust, just like we look back in horror at the smoking epidemic and notions like “the woman’s place is in the home”? I swear I can hear my yet-to-exist grandchildren saying,

“How could you people have been so stupid, eating all that terrible food, like french fries with just about every meal, and donuts for breakfast, and white bread and fizzy drinks of pure sugar? Couldn’t you see that those foods were hurting you?”

Here is the study abstract:

N Engl J Med. 2011 Jun 23;364(25):2392-404.

Changes in diet and lifestyle and long-term weight gain in women and men.

Source

Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. dmozaffa@hsph.harvard.edu

Abstract

BACKGROUND:

Specific dietary and other lifestyle behaviors may affect the success of the straightforward-sounding strategy “eat less and exercise more” for preventing long-term weight gain.

METHODS:

We performed prospective investigations involving three separate cohorts that included 120,877 U.S. women and men who were free of chronic diseases and not obese at baseline, with follow-up periods from 1986 to 2006, 1991 to 2003, and 1986 to 2006. The relationships between changes in lifestyle factors and weight change were evaluated at 4-year intervals, with multivariable adjustments made for age, baseline body-mass index for each period, and all lifestyle factors simultaneously. Cohort-specific and sex-specific results were similar and were pooled with the use of an inverse-variance-weighted meta-analysis.

RESULTS:

Within each 4-year period, participants gained an average of 3.35 lb (5th to 95th percentile, -4.1 to 12.4). On the basis of increased daily servings of individual dietary components, 4-year weight change was most strongly associated with the intake of potato chips (1.69 lb), potatoes (1.28 lb), sugar-sweetened beverages (1.00 lb), unprocessed red meats (0.95 lb), and processed meats (0.93 lb) and was inversely associated with the intake of vegetables (-0.22 lb), whole grains (-0.37 lb), fruits (-0.49 lb), nuts (-0.57 lb), and yogurt (-0.82 lb) (P≤0.005 for each comparison). Aggregate dietary changes were associated with substantial differences in weight change (3.93 lb across quintiles of dietary change). Other lifestyle factors were also independently associated with weight change (P<0.001), including physical activity (-1.76 lb across quintiles); alcohol use (0.41 lb per drink per day), smoking (new quitters, 5.17 lb; former smokers, 0.14 lb), sleep (more weight gain with <6 or >8 hours of sleep), and television watching (0.31 lb per hour per day).

CONCLUSIONS:

Specific dietary and lifestyle factors are independently associated with long-term weight gain, with a substantial aggregate effect and implications for strategies to prevent obesity. (Funded by the National Institutes of Health and others.).

Click here to read the whole article.